N. Nu’aim Razali, M. Jain Kassim, M. Hazwan Hussin, N. Hazwani Dahon and T. Kang Wei
Keywords: CMC, chitosan, mild steel, corrosion inhibition
Abstract:
The inhibition effect of commercial carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl was studied by various techniques such as weight loss measurement, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found as the inhibition efficiency increase directly with the concentration of CMC. The highest inhibition efficiency for all tests was obtained at the concentration of 7 x 10-4 M. Polarization studies show that CMC behaves as mixed-type inhibitor and predominantly inhibit at the cathodic site. EIS technique revealed that the corrosion inhibition of mild steel was mainly controlled by charge transfer process. The values of activation energy (Ea) for mild steel corrosion inhibition and various thermodynamic parameters were also calculated. The adsorption nature of mild steel corrosion inhibition follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Because you are not logged-in to the journal, it is now our policy to display a 'text-only' version of the preprint. This version is obtained by extracting the text from the PDF or HTML file, and it is not guaranteed that the text will be a true image of the text of the paper. The text-only version is intended to act as a reference for search engines when they index the site, and it is not designed to be read by humans!
If you wish to view the human-readable version of the preprint, then please Register (if you have not already done so) and Login. Registration is completely free.
ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 A STUDY OF CORROSION INHIBITOR OF MILD STEEL BY CARBOXYMETHYLCHITOSAN IN 1 M HCl N. Nu’aim Razali, M. Jain Kassim*, M. Hazwan Hussin, N. Hazwani Dahon and T. Kang Wei Material Chemistry and Corrosion Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: mjain@usm.my. Abstract The inhibition effect of commercial carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl was studied by various techniques such as weight loss measurement, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found as the inhibition efficiency increase directly with the concentration of CMC. The highest inhibition efficiency for all tests was obtained at the concentration of 7 x 10-4 M. Polarization studies show that CMC behaves as mixed-type inhibitor and predominantly inhibit at the cathodic site. EIS technique revealed that the corrosion inhibition of mild steel was mainly controlled by charge transfer process. The values of activation energy (Ea) for mild steel corrosion inhibition and various thermodynamic parameters were also calculated. The adsorption nature of mild steel corrosion inhibition follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Keywords: CMC; chitosan; mild steel; corrosion inhibition. 1 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 1.0 Introduction Corrosion is known as deterioration of metals caused by reaction between its environments. Corrosion has become serious problem to the life system such as sudden failure which can cause explosion and fire and pollutes water because of corroded plumbing. Thus, there are many methods to reduce the corrosion rate. Recently, researches are more focusing on green corrosion inhibitor, compounds that acts as low cost environmentally and show good efficiency [1-5]. Organic inhibitor is one of the good corrosion inhibitor and its efficiency is related to reactive compound such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur [6-7]. To prevent the reaction of the metal with the acid medium, only small amount of organic inhibitor needed. Chitosan, [α-(1 4)2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan], a polysaccharides that obtained from N-deacytelated of chitin which is the second most abundant natural biopolymer [89]. Research on chitosan has been actively carried out for multiple applications due to its multifunction such as biodegradability, low toxicity and acceleration of fibroblast formation in animal body, antimicrobial activity and others [10-13]. However these applications are restricted because the solubility of chitosan is limited in water at various pH. Thus, chemical modification of chitosan has been done to improve the water solubility of chitosan. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is a water soluble derivative of chitosan and have many reactive functional groups such as amino group, hydroxyl group and carboxyl group which are indicated to be a good inhibitor of corrosion. 2 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 This study is to investigate organic inhibitor which is CMC as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor on the mild steel surfaces in 1 M HCl solution. Weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used for this propose. 2.0 Experimental 2.1 Materials and chemicals Water soluble of CMC was prepared according to experimental procedure [14]. All the reagents and solvents used such as hydrochloric acid and isopropanol were analytical grade and used without any further purification. CH2OCH2COOH H O O H OH H H NH2 H n Figure 1: Molecular structure of Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) 2.2 Weight loss measurement The weight loss measurements of mild steels (3 cm x 4 cm x 0.1 cm) were polished by using 400, 600 and 800 grade of SiC paper. After polished, mild steel was washed with distilled water and isopropanol, degreased ultrasonically in isopropanol and dried in air at room temperature. The mild steels were then immersed into 1 M HCl 3 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 solution and different concentration of CMC inhibitor at 24 hours in open air and different temperature which is 303, 313, 323 and 333 K. 2.3 Electrochemical measurement The cell that were used in electrochemical experimental was conventional three- electrode cell which is consisting saturated calomel as reference electrode, platinum auxiliary platinum and mild steel as working electrode. Curves of potentiodynamic polarization were plotted from -250 mV to +250 mV versus open circuit potential (OCP) with scan rate 1.0 mV s-1 by using Volta Master 4. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were carried out by using Gamry Reference 600 Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA. 2.4 Surface analysis By using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method, surface of mild steel specimen which is untreated and mild steels which were immersed in 1 M HCl solution in the absence and presence of inhibitor were observed. 4 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 3.0 Results and discussion 3.1 Weight loss measurement Table 1 shows the corrosion rate and the value of the inhibition efficiency (%IE) for CMC from the weight loss measurement. From the weight loss data, the IE percentage can be calculated by using following equation: % IE = Wo - Wcorr x 100 % Wo (1) Where Wo and Wcorr are corrosion rate of steel with and without inhibitor respectively. Table 1: Weight loss measurement of mild steel in 1 M HCl with and without CMC at 298 K Concentration (mM) W (μg/cm h) IE% 1 M HCl 532.1522 ….. 0.01 85.1378 84.00 0.1 74.3110 86.04 0.3 72.8346 86.32 0.5 69.0617 87.02 0.7 67.0932 87.39 2 From the data collected, it shows that as the concentration of inhibitor (CMC) increase, the inhibition efficiency also increase and has highest IE at 0.7 mM which is 87.39 %. This can be reported that as the concentration of inhibitor increase, the surface area that covered by the inhibitor also increase and protects mild steel from corrosion. 5 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 3.2 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 Polarization measurement By using potentiodynamic polarization, the inhibition effect of CMC on mild steel in 1 M HCl at room temperature was investigated. The electrochemical parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (Icorr) and Tafel slopes (βa and βc) which is obtained from polarization curves (Figure 1) were presented in Table 2. The inhibition efficiency was calculated by using equation: % IE = Where Icorr and I Icorr - Icorr(inh) x 100 % Icorr corr(inh) (2) are the values of corrosion current density of uninhibited and inhibited specimen respectively. Table 2: Electrochemical parameter of mild steel in 1 M HCl in the absence and presence of different concentration of CMC. βa βc (Ω.cm ) 2 (mV) (mV) 0.6571 103.96 134.9 -171.3 …. -472.7 0.2126 136.96 92.4 -103.4 67.65 0.1 -483.4 0.1896 209.73 100.4 -159.8 71.15 0.3 -489.9 0.1572 262.59 105.2 -152.9 76.08 0.5 -491.4 0.0928 312.29 92.0 -131.6 85.88 0.7 -515.9 0.0918 335.40 104.6 -115.7 86.03 Concentration Ecorr Icorr Rp (mM) (mV) (mA/cm ) 1M HCl -493.2 0.01 2 IE% From the data shown in Table 2, it can be clearly seen that the inhibitor efficiency of CMC increase as the concentration of CMC increase. This behavior shows that CMC acts as good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic. Figure 2 showed that CMC is 6 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 mixed type inhibitor because there was no distinct on reduction of current density in anodic and cathodic current area. Value of both anodic and cathodic current densities are change in the presence of inhibitor supported that CMC is mixed type inhibitor [15]. 0 log (A/cm²) -1 Blank -2 0.01 mM -3 0.1 mM -4 0.3 mM -5 0.5 mM -6 0.7 mM -7 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 Potential (m V) Figure 2: Tafel plots of mild steel in 1 M HCl and different concentration of CMC. 3.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) The Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1 M HCl in the absence and presence of different concentration of CMC are shown in Figure 3 and impedance parameters are summarized in Table 3. A semicircular appearance of Nyquist shows process that mainly control corrosion on mild steel is a charge transfer process. The semicircular diameter is significantly increase with increasing CMC concentration indicate the increase in corrosion inhibitor that is related to decrease double layer capacitance, Cdl. Percentage of inhibition efficiency (%IE) is calculated by using the relation : 7 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 % IE = Volume 13, Preprint 43 Rct(inh) - Rct Rct(inh) submitted 7 October 2010 x 100 % (3) Where Rct and Rct(inh) are the charge transfer resistance values in the absence and presence of inhibitor respectively. Table 3: Data from electrochemical impedance measurements of mild steel in 1 M HCl for various concentration of CMC. Concentration Resistance, Rs (mM) (Ω.cm ) (μF/cm ) (Ω.cm2) 1M HCl 1.103 177.1 61.98 …. 0.01 1.210 161.1 100.80 38.51 0.1 1.327 132.9 177.80 65.14 0.3 1.496 131.7 227.60 72.77 0.5 2.268 121.5 260.80 76.23 0.7 1.843 113 .0 318.00 80.51 2 CPE Resistance, Rct 2 IE % The Nyquist impedance plots were analyzed by using simple equivalent circuit model which is Randle’s model (Figure 4). The values of element fitted the model includes the solution resistance (Rs) and the constant phase element (CPE) which is placed in parallel to charge transfer resistance (Rct). 8 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 140.00 -Z imag e (ohm .c m 2 ) 120.00 100.00 1M HC l 80.00 0.01 mM 60.00 0.1 mM 40.00 0.3 mM 20.00 0.5 mM 0.00 0.00 0.7 mM 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 Z real (ohm .c m 2 ) Figure 3: Nyquist plots for mild steel in 1 M HCl for various concentration of CMC. Figure 4: Randle’s CPE circuit model. As seen the %IE values that obtained from impedance studied showed the same trend as in the weight loss and polarization measurement which is CMC has the highest inhibition property at 0.7 mM. 9 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 3.4 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 Effect of temperature Temperature is an important parameter that gave a great effect to corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic medium. As the temperature increases, the corrosion rate also increases. This is due to decrease hydrogen evolution overpotential. The effect of temperature on the performance of CMC as corrosion inhibitor was studied using weight loss measurement in the temperature range 303-333 K in absence and presence of CMC. Table 4: Effects of temperature for mild steel I 1 M HCl for various concentration of CMC. Temperature (K) Concentration, C (mM) IE % θ 303 1 M HCl …… …. 0.01 82.86 0.8286 0.1 85.60 0.8560 0.3 86.08 0.8608 0.5 86.37 0.8637 0.7 86.60 0.8660 1 M HCl ….. ….. 0.01 80.60 0.8060 0.1 82.75 0.8275 0.3 83.32 0.8332 0.5 83.37 0.8337 0.7 84.06 0.8406 1 M HCl ….. ….. 0.01 76.49 0.7649 0.1 80.58 0.8058 313 323 10 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 333 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 0.3 81.02 0.8102 0.5 81.33 0.8133 0.7 81.84 0.8184 1 M HCl ….. ….. 0.01 51.22 0.5122 0.1 55.47 0.5547 0.3 56.08 0.5608 0.5 56.83 0.5683 0.7 57.03 0.5703 Table 4 shows values of inhibition efficiency (%IE), corrosion rate (W) and degree of surface coverage (θ). From the results in Table 4, it is clear seen that inhibition efficiency slightly decrease as the temperature increase which is due to adsorption of inhibitor onto the mild steel surfaces. The slightly decrease of IE support the idea that the adsorption of CMC on the mild steel may be in physical in nature [16]. The activation energy of CMC can be calculated by using Arrhenius equation: (4) Where K is reaction rate, A is the Arrhenius pre-exponential constant, Ea the activation energy of the corrosion reaction, T is the absolute temperature and R is the universal gas constant. The apparent activation energy for corrosion process in absence and presence of CMC are determined by linear regression between ln W versus 1000/T as revealed by Figure 4. The values of activation energy calculated from the linear regression in Figure 4 11 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 are 45.61 kJ mol-1 and 75.77 kJ mol-1 for absence and presence of CMC respectively. The obtained results show that Ea value of presence of CMC is higher than in its absence indicates physisorption of corrosion inhibitor [17]. 3.5 Adsorption isotherm The nature of interaction between inhibitor and the corroding surface can be studied by applying adsorption isotherms. The degree of surface coverage, θ for different concentration of the inhibitor in 1 M HCl has been evaluated from weight loss measurement (%IE/100). The three isotherms which is Langmuir, Temkin and Frumkin adsorption isotherm were made to fit the θ at various concentrations according to the following equation and shown in Figure 4. Langmuir : C/ θ = 1/K + C (5) Temkin : log ( θ/C ) = log K – gθ (6) Frumkin : log ( θ/(1- θ)C) = log K + g θ (7) Where θ is degree of surface coverage, K the adsorption-desorption equilibrium constant, C the inhibitor concentration and g the adsorbate interaction parameter. 12 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 C/θ vs Concentration(303) A 1 R2 = 1.0000 C/θ (mM) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 C (m M) B 2.5 R2 = 0.9603 log (θ/C) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 θ C 3 log θ/(1-θ/C) 2.5 R2 = 0.9560 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 θ Figure 4: A) Langmuir, B) Temkin, C) Frumkin isotherm for the adsorption of CMC in 1 M HCl on the mild steel. 13 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 The value of the correlation coefficient, R2 for Langmuir isotherm is 1.0000 while for Temkin and Frumkin isotherm is 0.9603 and 0.9560 respectively. From the correlation coefficient value, the best results have been obtained for Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Free energy of adsorption,∆G ads can be determined with equation 8 by using the value of K obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm. (8) Where 55.5 is the water concentration of solution in ml/l and K adsorption constant. The calculated value of K and∆G ads were found to be 1000 and -27.52 kJ ml-1. The negative sign of∆G ads indicates that the adsorption of CMC on the mild steel surface is a spontaneous process [18]. From previous study, the free energy of adsorption (∆G ads) can be explained by two cases which is the value of∆G ads around -20 kJ mol-1 are consistent with electrostatic forces between inhibiting organic and electrically charged surface of metal, physisorption while the value of ∆G ads -40 kJ mol-1 or more negative involve charge sharing or charge transfer from inhibitor to the mild steel surface to form a coordinate-type bond [19]. In this study, the value of ∆G ads that obtained is -27.52 kJ mol1 which is more than -20 kJ mol-1 but less than -40 kJ mol-1. This indicates that the adsorption of inhibitor on the mild steel surfaces involves both physisorption and chemisorption. The thermodynamic parameter which is enthalpy, ∆Hads and entropy, ∆Sads for the adsorption of CMC on mild steel can be calculated by linear regression between ∆G /T 14 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 versus 1/T and values of ∆H ads and ∆S ads that obtained was -78.0 kJ mol-1 and -146.3 kJ mol-1 respectively. Negative value of ∆Hads shows that the adsorption of inhibitor on mild steel surface is an exothermic process which suggests either physisorption or chemisorption [16]. While the negative sign of∆S ads indicates decrease in the disorder from reactants to the activated complex and accompanied with exothermic process. 3.6 Surface analysis Figure 5 showed the surface of mild steel specimen before and after immersion in 1 M HCl for 24 hours in the absence and presence of inhibitor which has done SEM analysis with magnification 100 X. From the images obtained, it shows that the surfaces of mild steel specimen is seriously corroded in the absence of inhibitor. While the steel specimen that immersed in the presence of inhibitor in 1 M HCl showed a smooth surface. From the images of SEM analysis, it shows that CMC inhibit corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl. 15 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 A submitted 7 October 2010 B C Figure 5: SEM analysis of mild steel (A) polished surface (B) immersed in 1 M HCl (C) immersed in 1 M HCl in the presence of CMC. 4.0 Conclusions In conclusion, the results obtained shows that CMC is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency of mild steel in 1 M HCl increases with increasing the concentration of CMC and reaches 87.39% at 0.7 mM. Polarization measurement shows that CMC acts as mixed-type inhibitor with dominant inhibition at cathodic site. On the basis of temperature effect study, it was revealed that the inhibition 16 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 efficiency decreases with the rise of temperature and activation energy was higher in the presence of inhibitor proposed physisorption mechanism. Finally, the adsorption process of CMC on the mild steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 5.0 Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia for the financial support through the USM-RU-Postgraduate Research Grant Scheme (1001/PKIMIA/833024). 6.0 References 1. J. Buchweishaija and G. S. Mhinzi (2008), Natural products as a source of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors: The case of gum exudates from Acacia seyel var. seyel., Portugaliae electrochemical Acta, 26, 257-265. 2. P. B. Raja and M. G. Sethuraman (2007), Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid medium by Calotropis procera, Pigment & Resin Technology, 38 (1), 33-37. 3. N. O. Eddy and S. A. Odoemelam (2009), Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using ethanol extract of Aloe Vera, Pigment & Resin Technology, 38 (2), 111–115. 4. E. E. Oguzie (2006), Adsorption and corrosion inhibitive properties of Azadirachta indica in acid solutions, Pigment & Resin Technology, 35 (6), 334–340 17 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 5. P. C. Okafor and E. E. Ebenso (2007), Inhibitive action of Carica papaya extracts on the corrosion of mild steel in acidic media and their adsorption characteristics, Pigment & Resin Technology, 36 (3), 134–140. 6. L. Valek and S. Martinez (2007), Copper corrosion inhibition by Azadirachta indica leaves extract in 0.5 M sulphuric acid, Materials Letters, 35 (6), 148-151. 7. S. K. Sharma, A. Mudhoo and E. Khamis (2009), Adsorption studies, modeling and use of green inhibitors in corrosion inhibition: An Overview of Recent Research, The Journal of Corrosion Sciences and Engineering, 11, 1466-8858. 8. L. P. Sun, Y. M. Du, X. W. Shi, X. Chen, J. H. Yang, Y. M. Xu (2006), A New Approach to Chemically Modified Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Study of its Moisture-Absorption and Moisture-Retention Abilities, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102, 1303–1309. 9. A. Tolaimate, J. Desbrieres, M. Rhazi, A. Alagui (2003), Contribution to the preparation of chitins and chitosans with controlled physico-chemical properties, Polymer, 44, 7939–7952. 10. L. Zhang and S. L. Kosaraju (2007), Biopolymeric delivery system for controlled release of polyphenolic antioxidants, European Polymer Journal, 43, 2956–2966. 11. T. Wu and S. Zivanovic (2008), Determination of the degree of acetylation (DA) of chitin and chitosan by an improved first derivative UV method, Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 248–253. 18 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 12. G. Bertha, H. Dautzenberg and M. G. Petera (1998), Physico-chemical characterization of chitosans varying in degree of acetylation, Carbohydrate Polymers, 36, 205-216. 13. A. Zhu, M. B. Chan-Park, S. Dai, L. Li (2005), The aggregation behavior of Ocarboxymethylchitosan in dilute aqueous solution, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 43, 143–149. 14. X. G. Chen and H. J. Park (2003), Chemical characteristics of O-carboxymethyl chitosans related to the preparation condition, Carbohydrate Polymers, 53, 355–359. 15. A. Y. El-Etre (2008), Inhibition of C-steel corrosion in acidic solution using the aqueous extract of zallouh root, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 108, 278–282. 16. A. Y. El-Etre (2006), Khillah extract as inhibitor for acid corrosion of SX 316 steel, Applied Surface Science, 252, 8521–8525. 17. E. E. Oguzie, A. I. Onuchukwu, P. C. Okafor, E. E. Ebenso (2006) Corrosion inhibition and adsorption behaviour of Ocimum basilicum extract on aluminium, Pigment & Resin Technology, 32 (5), 63-70. 18. S. A. Umoren, I. B. Obot, E. E. Ebenso, P. C. Okafor, O. Ogbobe, E. E. Oguzie (2006), Gum arabic as a potential corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in alkaline medium and its adsorption characteristics, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 53 (5), 277–282. 19. O. K. Abiola, N. C. Oforka, E. E. Ebenso, N. M. Nwinuka (2007), Eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors: the inhibitive action of Delonix Regia extract for the corrosion of aluminium in acidic media, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 54 (4), 219–224. 19 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 13, Preprint 43 submitted 7 October 2010 20 © 2010 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers’ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work.